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我們在計算教保配方的時，充分考慮到了斷奶仔豬的營養(yǎng)需求，精細(xì)計算了各種原料的配比，添加許多高營養(yǎng)、高蛋白成分。可為什么在實際生產(chǎn)中大部分仔豬斷奶后都會出現(xiàn)生長停滯、腹瀉、恢復(fù)緩慢、免疫力下降等情況？最根本的原因是忽視了仔豬斷奶后消化道結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的變化，配出的飼料不符合斷奶期仔豬的消化生理特點。那么如何解決這一問題呢？正確的思路是如何配制出符合斷奶期仔豬消化功能變化的飼料，如何提高飼料的消化吸收率？易消化、能吸收才是根本，否則再多的營養(yǎng)也無濟于事，還會適得其反。而生物飼料更加符合斷奶期消化生理的變化，可有效解決這方面的問題。
一、仔豬斷奶后的消化道會有哪些變化？
1、小腸絨毛萎縮
仔豬斷奶后，小腸細(xì)胞的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生顯著變化，主要表現(xiàn)、隱窩變深，造成小腸的吸收面積大大降低，嚴(yán)重影響營養(yǎng)的吸收。21日齡仔豬斷奶5天后，腸絨毛高度降低了50%。斷奶后11天腸隱窩深度明顯增加，同時，腸上皮細(xì)胞刷狀緣的蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、異麥芽糖酶、海藻糖酶等活性下降，這些變化可導(dǎo)致腸道營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化不良。而當(dāng)未消化的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)到達(dá)大腸時，被微生物利用，產(chǎn)生甲烷、硫化氫、尸胺、腐胺等有害物質(zhì)，刺激腸蠕動加快，引起腸道滲透壓升高，最后導(dǎo)致腹瀉。
造成仔豬斷奶后腸絨毛萎縮最根本的原因是能量、蛋白質(zhì)采食不足。飼料中的抗原、微生物等也可導(dǎo)致隱窩深度增加，造成絨毛萎縮。
2、消化道pH升高
仔豬斷奶后，胃內(nèi)酸度顯著下降。乳仔豬胃內(nèi)泌酸能力較弱，斷奶后又失去了乳糖的來源，使消化道內(nèi)的pH值顯著升高。斷奶2天胃內(nèi)pH值升高尤為顯著，斷奶越早對仔豬胃內(nèi)酸度影響越大，21天、28天斷奶的仔豬，胃內(nèi)pH值恢復(fù)到3.5的時間分別為2周和1周。斷奶還會明顯影響到整個消化道的pH值，具體見下表：
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斷奶后天數(shù)
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0
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3
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6
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10
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胃
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3.8
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6.4
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6.1
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6.6
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十二指腸
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5.8
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6.5
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6.2
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6.4
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空腸
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6.8
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7.3
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7.3
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7.0
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回腸
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7.5
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7.8
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7.8
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8.1
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由于斷奶仔豬胃酸不足，胃蛋白酶原不能被充分激活，造成胃蛋白酶的活性降低，對日糧中的蛋白質(zhì)的消化率相應(yīng)下降。另外，胃酸還能限制細(xì)菌由胃向小腸十二指腸遷移，所以，胃酸分泌不足，細(xì)菌大量遷移致小腸，會導(dǎo)致消化系統(tǒng)菌群紊亂。
3、內(nèi)源性消化酶的活性低
仔豬斷奶對各種消化酶的活性影響特別大，幾乎所有的消化酶活性都會下降。新生仔豬的乳糖酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶水平較高，但斷奶后卻明顯下降。哺乳期的仔豬消化道內(nèi)源酶的分泌量原本不高，胃內(nèi)僅有凝乳酶、胃蛋白酶，且含量僅為成年豬的1/3~1/4。同時，胃底腺不發(fā)達(dá)，不能分泌足夠鹽酸。所以，胃蛋白酶活性較低，不能充分消化蛋白質(zhì)，特別是植物性蛋白質(zhì)。相關(guān)研究表明，仔豬4周齡斷奶，7天后，胰脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、胰凝乳酶等活性下降到斷奶前的1/3，除胰脂肪酶外，其他酶要經(jīng)過兩周才能恢復(fù)或者超過斷奶前水平；空腸內(nèi)容物中胰蛋白酶活性在斷奶后第2天降低了50%，淀粉酶活性在斷奶后第6天和第9天分別降低了50.8%和33.8%；哺乳仔豬0～5周齡期間腸道脂肪酶活性幾乎逐周成倍增加，但21天或28天斷奶時，脂肪酶活性停止增加，需要經(jīng)過1周的恢復(fù)后才能重新增加，8周齡后仔豬消化道酶系統(tǒng)趨于正常水平。
4、腸道菌群失調(diào)
豬的消化道內(nèi)存在數(shù)目龐大、種類繁多的微生物，其數(shù)量是體細(xì)胞的10倍，有30 多個屬、500 多種微生物。正常情況下，微生物區(qū)系會隨著外界環(huán)境和日糧的變化而在一定的生理范圍內(nèi)變動，但如果波動超過正常生理范圍，就會引起生態(tài)失調(diào)。新生仔豬腸道微生物主要來自母豬陰道、糞便以及環(huán)境。哺乳仔豬以乳酸桿菌為優(yōu)勢菌群，pH維持較低水平。而斷奶后由于仔豬胃酸、消化酶分泌不足和腸黏膜損傷等原因，導(dǎo)致腸道大腸桿菌、鏈球菌、腸桿菌等有害菌大量繁殖，甚至成為優(yōu)勢菌，造成腸道微生態(tài)系統(tǒng)失調(diào)。斷奶第6天腸道內(nèi)大腸桿菌較哺乳仔豬增加5.4%，斷奶第9天乳酸桿菌數(shù)量較哺乳仔豬降低14.3%。腸道菌群平衡的被破壞會嚴(yán)重影響仔豬的消化功能，甚至造成腹瀉。
4、免疫力降低，抗病力下降
仔豬獲得免疫主要來自兩方面，一是通過吮吸母乳獲得被動免疫；二是在自然狀態(tài)下仔豬自身免疫系統(tǒng)生成、發(fā)育而形成的主動免疫。初乳以IgG為主，約占80%，IgA占15%，IgM占5%；常乳以IgA為主，約占60%，IgG為30%。在仔豬產(chǎn)生的免疫球蛋白中，以IgM為主，IgA次之。IgG主要是在血清中起殺菌作用，可防止敗血病。IgA的特點是能耐酶的消化，可附著在小腸內(nèi)壁達(dá)12小時以上，抑制大腸桿菌活動，抗胃腸道疾病。IgM對控制革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌的效力最強。初乳中免疫球蛋白的含量雖高，但降低很快，如IgG的半衰期為14天，IgM5天，IgA2.5天。仔豬10日齡以后才開始自產(chǎn)免疫抗體，4～5周后才基本成熟。仔豬斷奶期正處于被動免疫功能明顯下降，而主動免疫尚未成熟的時期，我們把這一時期叫做免疫空白期。斷奶應(yīng)激還進(jìn)一步會降低循環(huán)抗體水平，抑制細(xì)胞免疫力，顯著降低了血液免疫球蛋白的數(shù)量，此時仔豬對病原的抵抗力最低，所以，斷奶后的仔發(fā)病率較高。
二、生物飼料有助于仔豬平穩(wěn)度過斷奶期
正確的思路：配制斷奶期飼料時充分考慮斷奶期仔豬的消化功能的變化，選擇具有維護(hù)腸道的正常結(jié)構(gòu)與功能、增強免疫功能、容易消化吸收的生物飼料有助于仔豬平穩(wěn)度過斷奶期。
1、具體解決方案：新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物+酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊
教槽料（開料到斷奶后7-10天）：新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物添加量為2-5%，5%的酵母水解物可替代3%的血漿蛋白；酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊8－10%。
保育料（斷奶后7至10天到體重15至20kg）：新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物0.5－1%，酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊3－5%。
2、為什么選用此方案？
選用新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物加酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊的方案，主要是由斷奶期仔豬消化生理的變化所決定的。“方案”的主要功能如下：
⑴供應(yīng)易消化營養(yǎng)：新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物中含有50%以上的優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白，其氨基酸平衡及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氨基酸回腸消化率可與血漿蛋白粉媲美，不存在生物安全隱患。新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物中含有9%的核酸、核苷酸及豐富的游離氨基酸、小肽等都是斷奶仔豬易消化的營養(yǎng)，適合斷奶期蛋白酶降低的實際情況。
酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊含由豐富的糊精、低聚糖、寡糖、雙糖、單糖等梯度糖組成，消化能3560千卡，符合斷奶仔豬乳糖酶活性迅速下降而淀粉酶活性尚未提高的特點，是乳糖與淀粉之間理想的過度能量來源，有風(fēng)味好、易消化、能量高等特點。
⑵誘食作用強：新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物中的核苷酸、游離氨基酸等鮮味成分，可改善飼料風(fēng)味，提高采食量。經(jīng)過酶解發(fā)酵后的米糊，改善了風(fēng)味，也有提高采食量的作用。
⑶促進(jìn)腸絨毛生長：酵母核酸和酵母核苷酸，已被證實對動物的胃腸道發(fā)育有重要的作用，能加速腸細(xì)胞的分化、生長與修復(fù)；酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊可迅速補充消化能量，促進(jìn)腸絨毛生長，最大限度的減小斷奶期腸絨毛的縮短，特別是對斷奶期仔豬，消化酶活性下降的情況下，易消化能源更為重要。
⑷維持正常的腸道微生物體系。酵母水解物中的氨基酸、小肽等可為腸道益生菌提供營養(yǎng)，有利于益生菌的增殖，維持正常的微生物屏障。酵母細(xì)胞壁中的甘露聚糖，可以特異性的與病原菌表面結(jié)合，防止病原菌與腸粘膜上皮結(jié)合，防止腸炎及腹瀉。甘露寡糖能顯著抑制結(jié)腸、盲腸和直腸中大腸桿菌的增殖，促進(jìn)結(jié)腸和直腸中雙歧桿菌增殖，而且能與某些毒素、病毒和真核細(xì)胞的表面結(jié)合而作為這些外源性抗原的佐劑，減緩抗原的吸收。
⑸調(diào)整消化道pH值。酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊中含有2%有乳酸，是優(yōu)質(zhì)的酸化劑，可有效防止因斷奶期消化道pH值的升高，蛋白酶活性下降導(dǎo)致的消化不良等問題。同時促進(jìn)有益菌生長。
⑹調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能，增強抗病能力。新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物中的核酸、功能性氨基酸、甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖等都是免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑，可全面提高斷奶仔豬免疫功能，減少斷奶期發(fā)病率。
⑺清除霉菌毒素及病原菌：新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物中的甘露聚糖、β-葡聚糖具有結(jié)合病原菌、吸服霉菌毒素的作用。
“新鮮糖蜜酵母水解物+酶解發(fā)酵水溶米糊”功能總結(jié)：
實際應(yīng)用效果：
使用時間：根據(jù)多次實驗結(jié)果，得出如下數(shù)據(jù)：從斷奶用到保育期結(jié)束，約40天。平均日采食量提高100g左右，平均日增重提高80－110g，料重比平均下降0.15左右，腹瀉率平均下降15－30%，每增重1kg成本下降平均下降0.5元左右。仔豬主要表現(xiàn)為斷奶期基本不消瘦，生長停滯期明顯縮短，腹瀉及其它病發(fā)病率明顯下降。同時，生長潛力得到充分的發(fā)揮，為育肥期的快速生長打下良好的基礎(chǔ)，可以縮短育肥期，降低料重比，對豬場整個生產(chǎn)水平的提高有著舉足輕重的作用。
The English version
Our insurance in calculation formula, fully takes into consideration the nutritional needs of weaning piglets, calculated the ratio of various raw materials, adding many high nutrition, high protein components. But why most of piglets after weaning will appear in actual production growth stagnation, diarrhea, recovery was slow, immune system, and so on and so forth? The most fundamental reason is ignored the weaned piglets digestive tract after the change of the structure and function, and the feed is not in conformity with the weaning piglets digestive physiological characteristics. So how to solve this problem? The correct way of thinking is how to formulate the phase conform to weaning piglets digestive function change of feed, how to improve the digestion and absorption of feed? Easy to digest and absorb is the fundamental, otherwise no amount of nutrition also of no help, also be counterproductive. The biological feed more in line with the weaning period of digestive physiological changes, which can effectively solve the problems.
A, what are the changes of alimentary canal after weaning piglets will?
1, small intestinal villus atrophy
Piglets after weaning, intestinal cells, morphological structure changed significantly, mainly, fossae darker, due to the small intestine absorption area is greatly reduced, the serious influence the absorption of nutrition. 21 days of age weaning piglets after 5 days, intestinal villus height was reduced by 50%. 11 days after weaning intestinal crypt depth increased, at the same time, the intestinal epithelial cells of brush border sucrase, lactase, isomaltose enzyme, trehalose enzyme activity decline, these changes can lead to intestinal nutrients indigestion. And when undigested nutrients reaches the large intestine, by microbial utilization of methane, hydrogen sulfide, cadaverine, harmful material such as putrescine, stimulate peristalsis, cause intestinal osmotic pressure increases, resulting in diarrhea.
The causes of shrinking after weaning piglets in the most fundamental is the insufficient energy feed, protein. Feed the antigens, microbes can also lead to crypt depth increase, cause wool shrink.
2, the digestive tract pH rise
Piglets after weaning, the stomach acidity dropped significantly. Milk piglet gastric acid secretion ability is weak, follow-up and lost a source of lactose, significantly increased in the digestive tract of pH value. Weaning higher pH 2 days the stomach is especially significant, the earlier weaning effect on piglet gastric acidity, the greater the 21 days, 28 days weaned piglets, gastric pH value to 3.5 time of 2 and 1 weeks respectively. Weaning will significantly affect the whole digestive tract of pH value, see the table below:
Days after weaning The stomach The duodenum jejunum The ileum
0 3.8 5.8 6.8 7.5
3 6.4 6.5 7.3 7.8
6 6.1 6.2 7.3 7.8
10 6.6 6.4 7.0 8.1
Because of a shortage of weaned piglets hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, pepsin, cannot be fully activated, which reduces the activity of pepsin, digestibility of the protein in the diet reduced. In addition, the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice could also limit bacterial duodenal migration from the stomach to the small intestine, so lack of gastric acid secretion, bacteria, a large number of migration to the small intestine, will cause the digestive flora disorder.
3, low endogenous digestive enzyme activity
Piglets weaned on extremely large effect of the activity of digestive enzymes, almost all digestive enzymes activity will decline. Newborn piglets lactase, lipase and protease level is higher, but significantly decreased after weaning. Lactation piglets digestive tract secretion of endogenous enzymes was not high, only rennet, pepsin, stomach and content is only 1/3 ~ 1/4 into swine. At the same time, the underdeveloped fundic gland, cannot produce enough hydrochloric acid. So, pepsin activity is low, not fully digest proteins, especially plant sex protein. Related studies show that 4 weeks weaning piglets, after 7 days, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic rennin activity fell to a third before weaning, in addition to the pancreatic lipase, other enzymes to be after two weeks to recover or above before weaning level; Jejunum contents of trypsin activity in 2 days after weaning was reduced by 50%, amylase activity 6 and 9 days after weaning was reduced by 50.8% and 50.8% respectively; Lactation piglets intestinal lipase activity during 0 ~ 5 weeks of almost every week to multiply, but 21 days or 28 days weaning, lipase activity stops growing, after 1 week of recovery is needed to increase again, after 8 weeks of piglets digestive enzyme system returns to normal levels.
4, intestinal flora imbalance
A vast number of existence in the digestive tract pigs, a wide variety of microorganisms, their number is 10 times of a body, more than 30 genera, 500 kinds of microorganisms. Under normal circumstances, microflora may change with the external environment and diet within certain physiological changes, but if the fluctuations over the normal physiological range, it will cause ecological imbalance. The newborn piglets gut microbes come mainly from the sow the vagina, waste and environment. Lactation piglet with lactic acid bacteria as advantage bacterium group, its pH lower levels. And because after weaning piglets inadequate secretion of gastric acid, digestive enzymes and intestinal mucosa damage, lead to intestinal harmful bacteria such as e. coli, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterobacter multiply, even became dominant fungi, cause disorder of the intestinal micro ecology system. Weaned on the sixth day the intestines are e. coli, a 5.4% increase lactation piglet, lactobacilli number 9 days a lactation piglet weaning reduced by 14.3%. Intestinal flora balance destroyed will seriously affect the digestive function of the piglets, even cause diarrhea.
4, lowered immunity and disease resistance falls
Immunized piglets mainly from two aspects, one is passive immunization were obtained through the sucking milk; Second, under the state of nature's own immune system to generate piglets, development and formation of active immunization. Colostrum is given priority to with IgG, accounts for about 80%, IgA (15%), IgM (5%); Milk is given priority to with IgA, often accounts for about 60%, 30% IgG. In piglets produce immunoglobulin, give priority to with IgM and IgA. IgG is mainly in serum bactericidal effect, can prevent the septicemia. IgA is characterized by enzyme digestion, up to 12 hours can be attached on the inner wall of the small intestine, inhibition of e. coli activity, gastrointestinal disease resistance. IgM strongest on the effectiveness of the control of gram-negative bacteria. In colostrum immunoglobulins levels are high, but decreased quickly, has a half-life of 14 days, such as IgG IgM5 day, IgA2.5 days. Piglets after 10 days of age began to sell the immune antibody, 4 ~ 5 weeks after basic mature. Piglets weaned period is in passive immunity function declined obviously, and active immunization is not yet mature period, we call this period immune blank period. Weaned stress further lowers circulating antibody levels, inhibit cell immunity, significantly reduced the number of blood immunoglobulin, piglet resistance to pathogen lowest right now, so, after weaning of incidence of a disease is higher.
Second, the biological feed helps smooth out weaning piglets
Correct ideas: preparation weaning date full consideration when feed weaning piglets digestive function changes, select normal structure and function, strengthen the safeguarding of the intestinal immune function, easy digestion and absorption of biological feed helps smooth out weaning piglets.
1, the specific solutions: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate + enzyme fermentation water soluble rice paste
Teach tank material (expect) 7 to 10 days after weaning: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate add quantity is 2-5% and 5% of the yeast hydrolysate could replace 3% of plasma protein; Enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste 8-10%.
Conservation materials (7 to 10 days after weaning to 15 to 20 kg) weight: 0.5 1% fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate, enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste by 3-5%.
2, why choose this plan?
Using fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate with enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste, mainly determined by the phase weaned piglets digestive physiological changes. The main functions of the "solution" is as follows:
(1) supply digestible nutrition: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate containing more than 50% of the high quality protein, the amino acid balance and standard amino acid ileal digestibility can be rivalled with plasma protein powder, there is no biological safety hidden trouble. Fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate contained 9% of nucleic acids, nucleotides, and rich in free amino acids and small peptides are weaned piglets digestible nutrition, suitable for actual situation of the lower infant protease.
Enzyme fermentation water soluble rice paste containing the rich in sugars, dextrin, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, simple sugars, such as gradient of sugar, can absorb 3560 kilocalorie, conform to the weaning piglets lactase activity drops rapidly and the characteristics of amylase activity has yet to improve is excessive energy source of lactose and starch between ideal and has good flavor, easy to digest, and high energy etc.
2 food calling function: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate of nucleotide freshness, free amino acid composition, can improve the feed flavor, increase feed intake. After enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation of rice paste, improve the flavor, also has the effect of improving feed intake.
(3) promoting the growth of intestinal villus, yeast and yeast nucleic acid nucleotide, has been shown to animals gastrointestinal development has an important role, can accelerate intestinal cells differentiation, growth and repair; Enzymatic hydrolysis fermentation water soluble rice paste can quickly replenish their digestive energy, promote the growth of intestinal villus, and maximum reduce the weaning period shorten of intestinal villus, especially for weaning piglets, digestive enzyme activity decline, digestible energy is much more important.
(4) to maintain normal system of gut microbes. In the yeast hydrolysate amino acids and small peptides can provide nutrition for intestinal probiotics, probiotics proliferation, maintain normal microbial barrier. Mannan in yeast cell walls should be specific and pathogenic bacteria on the surface, prevent the pathogenic bacteria and intestinal mucosa epithelium, prevent enteritis and diarrhea. Dew oligosaccharides can significantly inhibit the proliferation of e. coli in the colon, caecum and rectum, promote the bifidobacterium proliferation in the colon and rectum, but also with some toxins, viruses, and the surface of the eukaryotic cells as the adjuvant of exogenous antigen, slow the absorption of antigen.
5] gastrointestinal pH adjustment. Enzyme solution of water soluble rice paste containing 2% lactic acid fermentation, is high-quality acidulant, which can effectively prevent because of infant gastrointestinal pH value increases, protease activity decline lead to problems such as indigestion. At the same time promote the growth of bacteria.
[6] adjust immune function, enhance disease-resistant ability. Fresh molasses yeast nucleic acid in the hydrolysate, functional amino acids, mannan, beta glucan is immune modulators, weaning piglets can improve immune function, reduce the incidence of weaning period.
Once clear mycotoxin and pathogenic bacteria: fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate of mannan, beta glucan has combined with pathogen, XiFu mycotoxins.
"Fresh molasses yeast hydrolysate + enzyme fermentation water soluble rice paste" function:
The actual application effect:
Use time: according to the experimental results for many times, it is concluded that the following data: use the conservation period from weaning, about 40 days. Increased average daily intake of about 100 g, average daily gain increase 80-110 - g, weighs about 0.15 lower than the average, diarrhea rate of 15-30% decline in the cost of each weight 1 kg down an average drop of 0.5 yuan. Piglets mainly for weaning period basic not angular, stunted growth period shortened obviously, significantly lower incidence of diarrhea and other disease. At the same time, the growth potential is fully play, to lay a good foundation for the fattening period of rapid growth, can shorten the fattening period, reduce material weight ratio, the pig raising the level of the whole production has a pivotal role.
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