|
在養(yǎng)豬生產過程中，斷奶仔豬腹瀉的問題相當普遍。據調查，斷奶仔豬腹瀉率在20%-30%左右。一般情況下，斷奶后3-5天的腹瀉率為0.6％；而8-13天腹瀉就變得嚴重，腹瀉率達32%左右。該病造成的死亡率可達10%-20%，即使病愈，其生長發(fā)育也會受到嚴重影響，推遲出欄時間，給養(yǎng)殖戶帶來巨大的經濟損失。
引起仔豬腹瀉的原因非常復雜，主要有：①致病性大腸桿菌引起的腹瀉；②仔豬斷奶后，母源抗體急劇下降，造成抵抗力下降；③仔豬的消化機能不健全，高植物蛋白的飼料引起胃腸道機能紊亂；④斷奶后的應激，尤其是環(huán)境應激，如溫差超過10℃時，腹瀉率就會增加25％－30％，濕度過高也會增加腹瀉的次數；⑤飼喂方式不當，如過度限飼或過度飼喂會引起饑餓性和過食性腹瀉；⑥腸道發(fā)生的免疫反應。仔豬斷奶后即切斷了從母體獲得被動免疫的來源，但由于主動免疫，尤其是特異性免疫系統(tǒng)功能還未完全有效地建立起來，IgA＋B細胞占主要地位要在4周齡時才能達到成年豬水平，而IgM＋細胞要到3－4月齡才達到成年豬水平。一旦開始飼喂含有大量植物蛋白的玉米—豆粕型日糧，斷奶仔豬就會發(fā)生腸道免疫反應，出現腹瀉現象。
研究表明，在引起仔豬腹瀉的諸多因素中，原發(fā)性因素并不是大腸桿菌，而是由于斷奶過程中的應激(尤其是采食了大量的植物蛋白這類的抗原)影響腸道和粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的改變，小腸絨毛變短，微生態(tài)平衡打破。造成了腸道的損傷，使胃腸酶水平和吸收能力下降。新生仔豬腸道有一種“記憶”細胞，它能識別抗原并與之反應，當斷奶仔豬接觸到從來沒有接觸過的植物蛋白時，就會發(fā)生免疫反應，以消除抗原的危害。但是，當斷奶仔豬長期接觸這些日糧中的抗原，日糧的抗原物質達到一定量或作用時間后，仔豬就會產生免疫耐受力，從此對這種抗原不再反應。在仔豬沒有適應日糧中的抗原或者腸道未產生免疫耐力之前，這種日糧仍會引起仔豬腹瀉。
由此可見，控制仔豬的腹瀉應該從仔豬營養(yǎng)方面著手，以下是幾點控制仔豬腹瀉的措施。
一、選擇優(yōu)質飼料原料
豬乳是高度可消化養(yǎng)分的優(yōu)良來源。按干物質計，豬乳中含脂肪45％、乳糖25％、蛋白28％，其余成分包括免疫球蛋白、維生素和礦物質。但是絕大部分斷奶日糧含脂肪太低(常低于10％)，含碳水化合物(淀粉)較高，以及高含量的植物蛋白質。豬乳與斷奶日糧養(yǎng)分上的差異，可能是造成仔豬斷奶后腹瀉的主要原因之一。因此，在斷奶仔豬日糧中應選擇優(yōu)質飼料原料。
二、早期補料
養(yǎng)豬生產者都知道，要想培育出最好的仔豬，必須使用最好的仔豬顆粒料，早期補料。因為用好的仔豬料補料不僅會影響斷奶階段，而且通過其后效作用影響豬的整個一生。研究表明，在仔豬出生5－7天開始補料，可影響斷奶仔豬對蛋白質的反應，使免疫系統(tǒng)產生免疫耐受力，促進胃腸道的發(fā)育，減少腸道對日糧蛋白的過敏反應，因此，抓好斷奶前補料可以預防腹瀉的發(fā)生。
三、降低飼料中的蛋白質水平
仔豬斷奶后，腹瀉的發(fā)生率隨著豬日糧中蛋白質含量的提高而增高，因為蛋白質是主要抗原物質，降低蛋白質水平，可減輕腸道的免疫反應和腹瀉程度。
四、飼喂添加劑
1、添加檸檬酸
由于仔豬消化機能不健全，其胃底腺不發(fā)達，缺乏產生足夠的胃酸能力。斷奶前，胃內的酸性環(huán)境主要靠母乳中乳糖發(fā)酵產生乳酸維持。這樣分泌的胃酸不足會造成胃蛋白酶原的激活受到限制，因此，在玉米—豆粕型日糧中，胃對魚粉、豆粕等非乳蛋白不能很好地消化，造成小腸內細菌增殖，腸道功能紊亂，腹瀉脫水。在飲水和飼料中添加1％的檸檬酸可降低胃內的pH值，保持一定的酸度，可以激活消化酶，有利于乳酸桿菌的繁殖，提高消化能力，從而改善仔豬的增重速度和飼料利用率。
2、添加酶制劑
在日糧中添加穩(wěn)定性、特異性的外源消化酶(脂肪酶和淀粉酶)對仔豬性能有較大的影響，它可以彌補斷奶后仔豬體內酶的分泌不足，從而提高飼料的利用率，防止消化不良性腹瀉。
3、添加益生素
益生素是從畜禽腸道內的正常菌群中分離培養(yǎng)得出的有益菌種，在腸道內繁殖成優(yōu)質菌群，抑制病原菌及有害微生物的生長繁殖，形成腸道內良性微生態(tài)環(huán)境。從而減少仔豬腹瀉，改善腸道健康，促進營養(yǎng)物質的消化吸收，增強機體抗病能力，有利于斷奶仔豬的生長發(fā)育。
4、添加抗生素
抗生素可促進生長和改善飼料轉化率已被廣大養(yǎng)殖戶所接受。在補料和開食料中添加抗生素，既可控制病原微生物增殖，又可加速腸道免疫耐受過程，從而減輕腸道損傷，預防腹瀉的發(fā)生。但目前用于防止仔豬腹瀉的抗生素如金霉素、泰樂菌素、桿菌肽鋅、喹乙醇等持續(xù)使用使病原菌產生耐藥性，并在畜禽產品中殘留給人體健康帶來危害，已遭到無抗品的抵制。
5、高鋅
在日糧中添加高鋅可以提高采食量和飼料利用率，并能有效地預防腹瀉的發(fā)生。大量研究表明：高鋅3000mg 能有效減少斷奶仔豬腹瀉的發(fā)生，但高鋅對仔豬生長發(fā)育造成危害：高鋅首先打破原有各種元素的平衡，造成仔豬對銅、鐵的吸收不利，可導致鐵、銅繼發(fā)性缺乏，出現貧血，高鋅大部分隨糞便排泄到環(huán)境中，造成環(huán)境污染。目前幾乎所有飼料廠家均在尋找和試用高鋅的替代產品，如納米蒙脫石、復合益生素、益生元、中草藥飼料添加劑等。
6、納米蒙脫石
納米蒙脫石是新興起的抗腹瀉和脫霉的飼料添加劑，對消化道內的霉菌毒素、病毒、病菌及其產生的毒素有固定、吸附作用；對消化道粘膜有覆蓋能力，提高粘膜屏障對攻擊因子的防御功能；還可脫出飼料中霉菌毒素，提高飼料的品質。納米蒙脫石中含有硒等微量元素，可以彌補微量元素的不足，對畜禽的生長有促進作用。非常安全，無休藥期，無毒副作用，不產生抗藥性。納米蒙脫石治療仔豬腹瀉的臨床效果觀察表明，納米蒙脫石可替代抗生素和高鋅，是無抗首選添加劑。
預防斷奶仔豬腹瀉，除了通過上述幾點控制措施來保證營養(yǎng)的均衡，還與仔豬的管理水平(如舍溫、喂量、喂法、適宜斷奶等)、環(huán)境等有一定關系�？刂谱胸i腹瀉，應采取綜合防制措施：預防為主，防治結合，少用或不用抗生素，減少高鋅的危害，走無抗的健康道路。
The English version
In the process of pig production, weaning diarrhea piglets problem is quite common. According to the survey, weaned piglets diarrhea rate from 20% to about 20%. In general, 3 to 5 days after weaning diarrhea rate was 0.6%; And 8 to 13 days becomes severe diarrhea, diarrhea rate was 32%. The disease caused by the mortality rate of up to 10% - 10%, even if the recovery, its growth and development will be severely affected, delay output, give farmers bring huge economic losses.
The cause of diarrhea piglets is very complex, mainly include: (1) caused by pathogenic e. coli diarrhea; (2) the piglets after weaning, a sharp drop in maternal antibody, resulting in decreased resistance; (3) piglets digestive function is not sound, the high plant protein feed causes gastrointestinal disorders; (4) after weaning of stress, especially the environmental stress, such as the temperature difference of more than 10 ℃, the diarrhea rate can increase 25% 30%, high humidity can also increase the number of diarrhea; (5) the improper feeding, such as excessive limit feeding or excessive feeding may cause sexual hunger and trophic diarrhea; 6. The intestinal immune reaction. Piglets weaned after cutting off the source of the passive immunity from the mother, but as a result of active immunization, especially the specific immune system function has not been fully set up effectively, IgA + B cells dominate in 4 weeks to reach into the swine, and IgM + cells until 3 or 4 months into swine. Once you start feeding type contains a lot of vegetable protein of corn, soybean meal diet, weaned piglets intestinal immune response occurs, diarrhea.
Studies have shown that in a number of factors causing diarrhea piglets, the primary factor is not e. coli, but due to the stress in the process of weaning feed (especially a large number of this kind of plant protein antigen) affect the intestinal mucosal immunity and system changes, small intestinal villus shorten, micro ecological balance. Caused the damage of the gut, decreased gastric enzyme level and absorptive capacity. Have a "memory" newborn piglets intestinal cells, it can identify antigen and reaction, when weaned piglets contact to never contact the plant protein, the immune response, occurs in order to eliminate the dangers of antigen. But when weaned piglets long-term exposure to the antigen in the diet, diet material reaches a certain amount or duration of antigens, piglets will generate immune tolerance, from the response to the antigens is no longer. In the piglet did not adapt to the diet of antigen or intestinal immune endurance before, this kind of diet will cause diarrhea piglets.
Thus, the piglets nutrition control of piglet diarrhea should begin, here are some measures to control the diarrhea piglets.
A, choose high quality feed ingredients
The pig milk is a good source of highly digestible nutrients. According to the meter of dry matter, the pig fat in milk 45%, lactose 25%, protein 28%, the rest of the ingredients including immune globulin, vitamins and minerals. But the vast majority of weaning diet fat too low (usually less than 10%), with high carbohydrates (starch), and high content of plant protein. Pig milk nutrients and weaning diet differences, may be one of the main cause of piglets after weaning diarrhea. Therefore, in the weaned piglets diet should choose high quality feed ingredients.
Second, the early filling material
Producers know that if you want to breed the best piglets, must use the best piglet grain, early filling material. Because with a good piglet fill material will not only influences the stage of weaning, and through its aftereffect effect influence the pig's whole life. Research shows that in piglets born 5-7 days began to fill material, can affect the weaned piglets on the reaction of the protein, the immune system to produce the immune tolerance, promote the development of the gastrointestinal tract, reducing intestinal allergic reaction to the diet protein, therefore, pays special attention to the filling material can prevent the occurrence of diarrhea before weaning.
Three, to reduce the level of protein in the feed
The incidence of diarrhea piglets after weaning, as it increased with the increase of protein content in pig diet, because protein is the major antigen, lower levels of protein, can reduce the degree of immune response and diarrhea.
Fourth, feeding additives
1, add citric acid
Due to the piglets digestive function is not sound, the fundic gland is not developed, the lack of produce enough ability of gastric acid. Before weaning, stomach acid environment mainly by breast milk lactose fermentation to produce lactic acid. So inadequate secretion of stomach acid can cause the activation of pepsinogen is restricted, therefore, in the corn, soybean meal type diet, stomach to fish meal, soybean meal and other non dairy protein can't digest well, cause intestinal bacteria proliferation, intestinal disorders, diarrhea dehydration. 1% of citric acid is added in the water and feed can reduce the pH of the stomach, maintain acidity, can activate digestive enzymes, promotes the breeding of lactic acid bacteria, improve digestion ability, thus improve the speed of weight gain and feed utilization rate of piglets.
2, add enzymes
Stability, specificity is added in the diet of exogenous enzymes, lipase and amylase) has a great influence the performance of piglets, it can make up after weaning piglets in enzyme secretion insufficiency, so as to improve the utilization rate of feed and prevent the digestion is not benign diarrhea.
3, add probiotic
Probiotic from livestock and poultry cultivation in the normal intestinal flora of beneficial bacteria in the intestines to high-quality bacteria, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and harmful microbes breeding, form a benign intestinal micro ecology environment. To reduce diarrhea piglets, the intestines, promote digestion and absorption of nutrients, enhance airframe disease-resistant ability, is conducive to the growth and development of weaned piglets.
4, add antibiotics
Antibiotics can promote growth and improve the feed conversion rate has been accepted by the broad masses of farmers. Food in the filling material and adding antibiotics, can control the pathogenic microorganism proliferation, but also accelerate the process of intestinal immune tolerance, so as to reduce the damage, prevent the happening of the diarrhea. But currently used in preventing diarrhea piglets antibiotics such as chlortetracycline, tylosin, bacitracin zinc, olaquindox, such as continuous use make the pathogen resistance, and residue in livestock and poultry products has a harmful effect on human health, has been rejected by no resistance to product.
5, high zinc
High zinc is added in the diet can increase feed intake and feed efficiency, and can effectively prevent the happening of the diarrhea. A large number of studies have shown that: high zinc 3000 mg can effectively reducing the occurrence of weaning diarrhea piglets, but high zinc cause harm to the piglet growth: high zinc first break the balance of various elements, original caused piglet is adverse to the absorption of copper, iron, which can lead to the lack of iron, copper, secondary anemia, most high zinc with manure to the environment, cause environmental pollution. Now almost all feed manufacturers are looking for and trial of high zinc alternatives, such as nanometer montmorillonite, compound probiotics and prebiotics, Chinese herbal medicine feed additive, etc.
6, nanometer montmorillonite
Nanometer montmorillonite is the rise of new anti diarrhea and mildew of feed additives, to mold toxins, viruses, bacteria in the digestive tract and produce toxins are fixed, adsorption; On the digestive tract mucous membrane covering ability, to improve the defence function of mucous membrane barrier to attack factor; Still can emerge mycotoxins in feed, improve the quality of the feed. Nanometer montmorillonite stone containing trace elements like selenium, can make up for the lack of trace elements, has promoting effect to the growth of livestock and poultry. Very safe, "without medicine, non-toxic side effects, no resistance. Nanometer montmorillonite in the treatment of diarrhea piglets clinical effect observation showed that nanometer montmorillonite alternative antibiotics and high zinc, is no preferred resistant agent.
Prevention weaning diarrhea piglets, in addition to the above several control measures to ensure that the balance of nutrition, also with the piglets management level (e.g., Sherwin, feed, feed method, suitable for weaning, etc.), environment and so on. Control diarrhea piglets, comprehensive control measures should be taken: prevention first and combining prevention and cure, with little or no antibiotics, reducing the harm of high zinc, no resistance to the health of the road.
|
